"Reparation" refers to compensation or restitution provided to victims who have suffered harm, injury, or loss due to criminal acts. It serves dual purposes: Redressing the harm suffered by victims.

Fine, as a form of punishment under Indian Penal Law, is a pecuniary penalty imposed by the court upon conviction of an offender. It is one of the recognized punishments under Section 53 of the Indian ...

Limited Punishment: The maximum term of imprisonment that can be awarded through a summary trial does not exceed three months upon conviction. Limited Right of Appeal: Appeals from summary trials are ...

The functioning of the judiciary reveals that it has exercised its powers in creative ways and devised new strategies to ensure the protection of human rights of prisoners. In recent decades, the ...

The serious judicial intervention on behalf of undertrial prisoners began as early as 1979, when reports in The Indian Express highlighted the plight of thousands languishing in prisons without trial.

The Supreme Court has repeatedly interpreted Article 21 (Right to Life) to include the right to live with dignity, which extends to prisoners as well. Articles 14, 15, 17, and 23 also provide ...