X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is based on the same principle as all photoelectron spectroscopy methods. If a molecule or material is irradiated with light of a known energy above the ionization ...

The basic physical process of irradiating a material with photons of a known energy and measuring the ejected photoelectrons has remained unchanged over six decades since it was first commercialized.

Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique that provides information about the elemental composition, chemical state, and electronic structure of a material's surface ...

The initial oxidation behavior of metallic copper, tin, and three single-phase Cu-Sn alloys (an $\alpha$ phase solid solution alloy, and the intermetallic compounds ...

XPS relies on the photoelectric effect, where irradiating a material with X-rays causes the emission of core electrons. The kinetic energy of these emitted electrons is measured, which can be directly ...

An X-ray photoelectron spectrometer is an impressive bit of kit. The relatively low energy of the detected photoelectrons dictates that the experiments are performed in ultra-high vacuum. The ...